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991.
Watersheds of the US Geological Survey's Hydrologic Benchmark Network program were used in estimating annual yield of total nitrogen and nitrogen fractions (ammonium, nitrate, dissolved organic N, particulate N) in relation to amount of runoff, elevation, and watershed area. Only watersheds minimally disturbed with respect to the nitrogen cycle were used in the analysis (mostly natural vegetation cover, no point sources of N, atmospheric deposition of inorganic N < 10 kg ha–1 y–1). Statistical analysis of the yields of total nitrogen and nitrogen fractions showed that elevation and watershed area bear no significant relationship to nitrogen yield for these watersheds. The yields of total nitrogen and nitrogen fractions are, however, strongly related to runoff (r
2 = 0.91 for total N). Annual yield increases as runoff increases, but at a rate lower than runoff; annual discharge-weighted mean concentrations decline as annual runoff increases. Yields of total nitrogen and most nitrogen fractions bear a relationship to runoff that is nearly indistinguishable from a relationship that was documented previously for minimally disturbed watersheds of the American tropics. Overall, the results suggest strong interlatitudinal convergence of yields and percent fractionation for nitrogen in relation to runoff. 相似文献
992.
The Sula Reef Complex, Norwegian shelf 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
André Freiwald Veit Hühnerbach Bjørn Lindberg John Brodie Wilson John Campbell 《Facies》2002,47(1):179-200
Summary Cool-water carbonates in the aphotic zone of deep shelf and continental margin settings in the Northeast Atlantic are produced
by the deep-water coral reefs withLophelia pertusa as the major framework builder. Through a compilation of side scan sonar, airgun and manned submersible surveys from several
cruises to the mid-Norwegian Sula Reef Complex (SRC), the facies pattern and zonation of one of the largest deep-water reefs
in the Northeast Atlantic is described in relation to the overall seabed topography. The late glacial to early postglacial
iceberg scour on the crest and shoulder of the Sula Ridge provides settling ground for the scleractinian corals already in
the early Holocene. Since then coral growth continues until today but was supposed to be disturbed by an environmental hazard,
the so-called second Storegga event. The distinct distribution pattern of individualLophelia reefs on the Sula Ridge has stimulated a discussion on intrinsic environmental controls such as the bentho-pelagic coupling
and the alternative hydrocarbon-based nutrition hypothesis. 相似文献
993.
994.
Robert Wilson Karin Lyall Louise Smyth Claire E Fernie Rudolph A Riemersma 《Free radical biology & medicine》2002,32(2):162-168
Lipid peroxidation products formed in vivo or originating from the diet may lead to atherosclerosis. However, little is known about the absorption of these products in man. We studied the absorption of fat (30 g) containing 14-15 mg [U-13C]-labeled hydroxy or dihydroxy triglycerides in two groups of six apparently healthy women aged 40 +/- 2 years. Post-prandial 13C-labeled hydroxy fatty acid concentration increased in a pattern somewhat different from that of plasma triglycerides, with peak levels being reached between 4 and 6 h. However, the amount of 13C-labeled oxidized fat absorbed (area under the curve of plasma concentrations from 0 to 8 h) was related to that of plasma triglycerides: 13C hydroxy vs TG (r = 0.88, p <.02), and 13C dihydroxy vs TG (r = 0.85, p <.05). 13C monohydroxy triglycerides appeared to be absorbed to a greater extent than those of 13C dihydroxy triglycerides. Although low levels of 13C hydroxy lipids could be detected in fasting plasma after 24 h, concentrations were very low. Dietary lipid oxidation products are absorbed. The measurement of hydroxy fatty acids in plasma total lipids may not be a valid marker of lipid peroxidation in vivo when subjects are not fasting. 相似文献
995.
Robert L. Kortum Mario R. Fernandez Diane L. Costanzo-Garvey Heidi J. Johnson Kurt W. Fisher Deanna J. Volle Robert E. Lewis 《Molecular and cellular biology》2014,34(18):3461-3472
The molecular scaffold kinase suppressor of Ras 1 (KSR1) regulates the activation of the Raf/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signal transduction pathway. KSR1 disruption in mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) abrogates growth factor-induced ERK activation, H-RasV12-induced replicative senescence, and H-RasV12-induced transformation. Caveolin-1 has been primarily described as a major component of the coating structure of caveolae, which can serve as a lipid binding adaptor protein and coordinates the assembly of Ras, Raf, MEK, and ERK. In this study, we show that KSR1 interacts with caveolin-1 and is responsible for MEK and ERK redistribution to caveolin-1-rich fractions. The interaction between KSR1 and caveolin-1 is essential for optimal activation of ERK as a KSR1 mutant unable to interact with caveolin-1 does not efficiently mediate growth factor-induced ERK activation at the early stages of pathway activation. Furthermore, abolishing the KSR1–caveolin-1 interaction increases growth factor demands to promote H-RasV12-induced proliferation and has adverse effects on H-RasV12-induced cellular senescence and transformation. These data show that caveolin-1 is necessary for optimal KSR1-dependent ERK activation by growth factors and oncogenic Ras. 相似文献
996.
997.
This article continues the series of Surveys and Summaries on restriction endonucleases (REases) begun this year in Nucleic Acids Research. Here we discuss ‘Type II’ REases, the kind used for DNA analysis and cloning. We focus on their biochemistry: what they are, what they do, and how they do it. Type II REases are produced by prokaryotes to combat bacteriophages. With extreme accuracy, each recognizes a particular sequence in double-stranded DNA and cleaves at a fixed position within or nearby. The discoveries of these enzymes in the 1970s, and of the uses to which they could be put, have since impacted every corner of the life sciences. They became the enabling tools of molecular biology, genetics and biotechnology, and made analysis at the most fundamental levels routine. Hundreds of different REases have been discovered and are available commercially. Their genes have been cloned, sequenced and overexpressed. Most have been characterized to some extent, but few have been studied in depth. Here, we describe the original discoveries in this field, and the properties of the first Type II REases investigated. We discuss the mechanisms of sequence recognition and catalysis, and the varied oligomeric modes in which Type II REases act. We describe the surprising heterogeneity revealed by comparisons of their sequences and structures. 相似文献
998.
Chao-Guang Chen Louis J. Fabri Michael J. Wilson Con Panousis 《Nucleic acids research》2014,42(4):e26
We describe a novel cloning method, referred to as insert-tagged (InTag) positive selection, for the rapid one-step reformatting of phage-displayed antibody fragments to full-length immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs). InTag positive selection enables recombinant clones of interest to be directly selected without cloning background, bypassing the laborious process of plating out cultures and colony screening and enabling the cloning procedure to be automated and performed in a high-throughput format. This removes a significant bottleneck in the functional screening of phage-derived antibody candidates and enables a large number of clones to be directly reformatted into IgG without the intermediate step of Escherichia coli expression and testing of soluble antibody fragments. The use of InTag positive selection with the Dyax Fab-on-phage antibody library is demonstrated, and optimized methods for the small-scale transient expression of IgGs at high levels are described. InTag positive selection cloning has the potential for wide application in high-throughput DNA cloning involving multiple inserts, markedly improving the speed and quality of selections from protein libraries. 相似文献
999.
Lannie Ligthart Jouke-Jan Hottenga Cathryn M. Lewis Anne E. Farmer Ian W. Craig Gerome Breen Gonneke Willemsen Jacqueline M. Vink Christel M. Middeldorp Enda M. Byrne Andrew C. Heath Pamela A. F. Madden Michele L. Pergadia Grant W. Montgomery Nicholas G. Martin Brenda W. J. H. Penninx Peter McGuffin Dorret I. Boomsma Dale R. Nyholt 《Human genetics》2014,133(2):173-186
Migraine and major depressive disorder (MDD) are comorbid, moderately heritable and to some extent influenced by the same genes. In a previous paper, we suggested the possibility of causality (one trait causing the other) underlying this comorbidity. We present a new application of polygenic (genetic risk) score analysis to investigate the mechanisms underlying the genetic overlap of migraine and MDD. Genetic risk scores were constructed based on data from two discovery samples in which genome-wide association analyses (GWA) were performed for migraine and MDD, respectively. The Australian Twin Migraine GWA study (N = 6,350) included 2,825 migraine cases and 3,525 controls, 805 of whom met the diagnostic criteria for MDD. The RADIANT GWA study (N = 3,230) included 1,636 MDD cases and 1,594 controls. Genetic risk scores for migraine and for MDD were used to predict pure and comorbid forms of migraine and MDD in an independent Dutch target sample (NTR–NESDA, N = 2,966), which included 1,476 MDD cases and 1,058 migraine cases (723 of these individuals had both disorders concurrently). The observed patterns of prediction suggest that the ‘pure’ forms of migraine and MDD are genetically distinct disorders. The subgroup of individuals with comorbid MDD and migraine were genetically most similar to MDD patients. These results indicate that in at least a subset of migraine patients with MDD, migraine may be a symptom or consequence of MDD. 相似文献
1000.